The substr Function

The substr function extracts and returns a substring from a string. The original string itself is not changed. The first parameter of the function takes a string, the second - the character position from where to start extraction, and the third - the number of characters. Note that the numbering of string characters starts from zero.

The second parameter can be negative - in this case, the count will start from the end of the string, and the last character will have the number -1.

The third parameter can be omitted - in this case, the extraction will occur to the end of the string.

The function works correctly only with Latin characters (single-byte characters).

Syntax

Example

Let's extract 3 characters from the string starting from position 1 (from the second character, since the first one has number 0):

Code execution result:

Example

Let's extract all characters to the end of the string, starting from the second one (it has number 1):

Code execution result:

Example

Let's extract the third and second characters from the end. To do this, specify the start of extraction as -3 (this is the number of the third character from the end), and the number of characters as 2:

Code execution result:

Example

Let's extract the last 2 characters. To do this, specify the position of the second to last character (this is -2), and omit the third parameter - in this case, the extraction will be to the end of the string:

Code execution result:

Example

Let's extract the last character:

Code execution result:

See Also